2015年2月第1期（总第149期）
(双月刊)
目 次
内河框架码头构件重要性评价……………………………………刘明维，李鹏飞，陈刚，翁珍燕（1）
溃口近区二维数值模拟与溃坝洪水演进耦合…………………………………………杨志，冯民权（8）
基于分布式光纤测温技术的堤坝渗漏监测……何宁，丁勇，吴玉龙，周彦章，李登华，何斌（20）
钢-土界面剪切规律时效性室内试验研究……………………………梁越，储昊，卢孝志，曾超（28）
海上电气平台动力模型试验设计…………伏亮明，钟耀，罗成喜，刘小松，孙锦龙，刘德才（33）
长江黄陵庙至南津关河段河势分析………………………………周银军，王军，徐育平，钱圣（38）
基于侧向土压力确定冲淤深度的可行性研究………丁勇，姚庆雄，关云飞，张振东，颜腾腾（47）
兴化湾潮汐潮流特性及工程影响分析……………………………………童朝锋，王俊杰，张青（53）
抛物线形渠道的水力特性…………………………………………张志昌，贾斌，李若冰，杨欢（61）
渡槽结构横向动力响应分析………………………………………………………冯超，杜应吉（68）
基于Ottosen模型的混凝土多轴动态强度准则………………………………江培情，王立成（74）
长江上海段疏滩土有益利用的框架性建议……………………………………超德招，杨奕健（82）
浙江玉环漩门三期吹填淤泥的工程特性……………徐锴，范明桥，林生法，付冠杰，魏雁冰（89）
深中通道工程对珠江口水动力环境影响……………………………………陈静，莫思平，徐群（96）
尾矿坝溃决机理与溃坝过程研究进展………………………………赵天龙，陈生水，钟启明（105）
HYDRO-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(Bimonthly)
Feb. 2015 No.1 (Total No.149)
CONTENTS
Importance evaluation and weak link analysis for members of overhead vertical wharfs located at inland rivers…………………………LIU Ming-wei, LI Peng-fei, CHEN Gang, WENG Zhen-yan(1)
2D numerical simulation of breach area and coupling simulation of dam-breach flood
………………………………………………………………………YANG Zhi, FENG Ming-quan(8)
Experimental study of distributed optical fiber temperature measurement technology for measuring leakage in embankment dam
………………… HE Ning, DING Yong, WU Yu-long, ZHOU Yan-zhang, LI Deng-hua, HE Bin(20)
Experimental studies on time effect of shearing characteristics of steel-soil interface
……………………………………………… LIANG Yue, CHU Hao, LU Xiao-zhi, ZENG Chao(28)
Design of dynamic model test for offshore substation platform
…… FU Liang-ming, ZHONG Yao, LUO Cheng-xi, LIU Xiao-song, SUN Jin-long, LIU De-cai(33)
River channel process of Huanglingmiao-Nanjinguan river reach
………………………………………… ZHOU Yin-jun, WANG Jun, XU Yu-ping, QIAN Sheng(38)
Feasibility study of scour depth determination based on lateral soil pressure measurement
………… DING Yong, YAO Qing-xiong, GUAN Yun-fei, ZHANG Zhen-dong, YAN Teng-teng(47)
Tidal regime and impacts of works in Xinghua bay on hydrodynamics
…………………………………………………TONG Chao-feng, WANG Jun-jie, ZHANG Qing(53)
Hydraulic characteristics of parabolic channels
………………………………………… ZHANG Zhi-chang, JIA Bin, LI Ruo-bing, YANG Huan(61)
Analysis of transverse dynamic response for aqueduct structure……… FENG Chao, DU Ying-ji(68)
Dynamic strength criterion of concrete based on Ottosen model under multi-axial stress
…………………………………………………………………JIANG Pei-qing, WANG Li-cheng(74)
Framework suggestion on beneficial use of dredged material at the Shanghai reach of Yangtze River
……………………………………………………………………ZHAO De-zhao, YANG Yi-jian(82)
A study of engineering characteristics of hydraulic filled mud from Xuanmen third stage construction in Yuhuan of Zhejiang Province
……………………………XU Kai, FAN Ming-qiao, LIN Sheng-fa, FU Guan-jie, WEI Yan-bing(89)
Impacts of Shenzhen-Zhongshan bridge project on hydrodynamic environment of Pearl River estuary
………………………………………………………………… CHENJing, MO Si-ping, XU Qun(96)
Advances in studies of tailing dam break mechanism and process
…………………………………………ZHAO Tian-long, CHEN Sheng-shui, ZHONG Qi-ming(105)
内河框架码头构件重要性评价
刘明维1,2， 李鹏飞1,2， 陈 刚1,2， 翁珍燕3
(1．重庆交通大学 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心， 重庆 400074; 2重庆交通大学 水利水运工程教育部重点实验室， 重庆 400074; 3福建省招标公司, 福建 福州 350002)
摘要：全直桩框架码头通过能力大，能适应内河大水位差条件要求，在我国西南山区河流码头建设中广泛应用。该结构由于构件数量多、受力条件复杂，构件传力途径和薄弱环节难以确定。运用基于结构广义刚度的重要性评价方法，分别计算船舶荷载作用下和荷载组合作用下框架码头构件重要性系数，对传力途径及薄弱环节进行分析。结果表明：桩柱的重要性普遍大于梁，桩柱的重要性呈现“上小下大”的趋势，梁的重要性则与船舶撞击位置有关；通过重要性系数分析可知，前排桩基、后排桩基、最高层前边梁、排架底层最后方节点和最前方节点等5处为内河框架码头的薄弱环节，在设计中应预留足够安全储备；框架码头的主要传力途径由结构最外层构件组成。研究结果可为码头结构优化提供参考依据。
关键词：全直桩框架码头； 重要性评价； 薄弱环节； 传力途径
Importance evaluation and weak link analysis for members of
overhead vertical wharfs located at inland rivers
LIU Ming-wei1,2, LI Peng-fei1,2, CHEN Gang1,2, WENG Zhen-yan3
(1. National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China; 2. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education on Hydraulic & Water Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China; 3. Fujian Tendering Corporation, Fuzhou 350002,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： As all-vertical-piled frame wharfs not only have large capacity but also are able to adapt to the conditions of large water level difference. Such wharfs are widely used in construction of ports located at southwest mountain rivers. However, this kind of structure has so many members and the force condition is so complicated that it is hard to determine the force transmission route and weak links of the members. A method for evaluating importance, which is based on generalized stiffness, is applied in calculating importance factors of wharf members, under the situation of only ship load and combined load, separately, and analyzing force transmission route and weak links. The analysis results indicate that piles are more important than beams. Generally, the upper members of the piles are less important than the lower members, and the importance of beams is related to the impact location of ships. According to importance factors, there are five weak links in the inland river wharfs: the front piles, piles located in back row, the front beam of the top layer, and the rear and front nodes of the bottom bent frame. So, enough safety stock for the above weak links should be reserved in design. The force transmission route of the frame wharf is mainly constituted by the outmost members. The research results will provide a reference basis for structure optimization of the frame wharfs.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： all-vertical-piled frame wharf; importance evaluation; weak link; force transmission route
溃口近区二维数值模拟与溃坝洪水演进耦合
杨 志， 冯民权
(西安理工大学 陕西省西北旱区生态水利工程重点实验室， 陕西 西安 710048)
摘要：基于黏土心墙砂石坝的溃决过程，以及溃坝洪水传播和运动的特性，建立黑河金盆水库大坝溃口近区二维数值模型和下游地区溃坝洪水演进耦合数学模型。使用DAMBRK法计算逐渐溃坝，并应用其结果进行后续模拟。采用Abbott-Ionescu六点隐式有限差分格式求解一维模型，采用单元中心的有限体积法求解二维模型方程。采用侧向连接方式，将黑河两岸计算水位点与二维网格单元相连，实现一、二维模型的耦合。采用所建立的二维模型对溃口近区进行计算与模拟，得到计算区域某一时刻的水深及流速分布。应用所建耦合模型对黑河金盆水库万年一遇入库洪水漫顶致溃坝洪水进行数值模拟，得到一维河道内各断面的水位和流量变化过程，以及二维计算区域内不同时刻的水深分布图、流速矢量图和淹没范围变化过程。溃口的形成过程不仅包括漫顶水流的直接作用，同时包括溃口形成过程中两侧漩涡状水流的反冲刷作用。耦合模型可以同时兼顾河道内的水流变化以及河道外计算区域内的洪水演进过程，从而减少由于计算结果偏大或偏小所带来的防洪资源浪费和防洪措施不利等不良影响。
关键词：溃口近区; 二维模拟; 溃坝洪水演进; 侧向连接; 耦合模拟
2D numerical simulation of breach area and coupling simulation of dam-breach flood
YANG Zhi, FENG Ming-quan
(State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic Engineering of Northwest Arid Area in Shaanxi, Xi′an University of Technology, Xi′an 710048, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on the breach process of the clay-core wall sandy dam, as well as the characteristics of dam breach flood propagation and movement, the 2-D numerical simulation of breach area and the coupling simulation of the dam-breach flood of Heihe Jinpen reservoir dam are presented in this paper. The method of DAMBRK is used to calculate gradual dam breach, and the results of DAMBRK model are used in the following simulation. A one-dimensional model is solved by the Abbott-Ionescu six points implicit finite difference scheme. The unit centered finite volume method is adopted to solve a two-dimensional model equation. To achieve the coupling of 1-D and 2-D model, the lateral connections are used to connect the level calculation points and the two-dimensional grid unit of both sides of Heihe River. The 2-D model is developed to calculate and simulate the breach area. The instantaneous water depth and the velocity distribution of the calculation region are given by the 2-D model. Taking the flood with frequency of 0.01% for example, the simulating results, such as water level and discharge process of each cross-section within the one-dimensional river course and water depth profile, velocity vector diagram and submerged range changing process of two-dimensional computational domain are presented by the coupling simulation. The formation process of the breach area includes not only the direct effects of overtopping flow, but also the anti-erosion effect of the spiral flow on both sides in the process of breach. Both flows change inner river and flood evolution of the calculation area in the outer river, which could be simultaneously taken into account by the coupling simulation. In conclusion, the adverse effects from wasting flood resources and the inappropriate flood protection measures which are brought by too large or too small calculation results have been reduced. In engineering practice, for complex river network region, it is recommended to apply the coupling model in calculation in order to improve simulation accuracy.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： breach area; 2-D simulation; dam break flood routing; lateral connection; coupling simulation
基于分布式光纤测温技术的堤坝渗漏监测
何 宁1， 丁 勇2， 吴玉龙2， 周彦章1， 李登华1， 何 斌1
(1. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 南京理工大学， 江苏 南京 210094)
摘要：渠道堤坝普遍存在渗透变形及渗漏破坏等工程问题，传统大坝及岸堤安全监测技术测点分散、容易漏测。在介绍分布式光纤测温技术原理的基础上，通过室内试验和现场原型试验，开展了分布式光纤测温技术方法比选、测量精度和稳定性分析、渗漏监测及分析方法、常规监测技术对比分析、工程实践应用等研究，论证了分布式光纤测温技术应用于堤坝渗漏监测的可行性和适用性。布里渊测温系统受温度和应变影响，测值波噪明显，光纤埋设及保护要求较高，拉曼测温系统可测得绝对温度，其测温稳定性及精度均优于布里渊测温系统；加热法和梯度法监测渠道堤坝渗漏在技术上均可行；分布式光纤测温技术具有监测距离长、空间分辨率高、远程线性测量等特点，在渠道堤坝渗漏监测实践应用中具有显著的技术优势。
关键词：分布式光纤测温； 堤坝； 渗漏； 室内试验； 现场原型试验
Experimental study of distributed optical fiber temperature measurement
technology for measuring leakage in embankment dam
HE Ning1, DING Yong2, WU Yu-long2, ZHOU Yan-zhang1, LI Deng-hua1, HE Bin1
(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China; 2. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The technology of temperature measurement by distributed optic fiber is introduced in this paper. By laboratory tests and field tests, comparison and selection of distributed temperature measurement optic fiber, analysis of its accuracy and stability, monitoring and analyzing leakage in the embankment dam using distributed optic fiber, comparing with conventional monitoring technology, and it′s engineering applications are carried out. Based on these tests, the feasibility of and applicability to the monitor of the leakage in the embankment dam using distributed optic fiber are discussed. The technology of temperature measurement by distributed Raman optic fiber, whose sensitivity of temperature is ±0.5 ℃, is feasible in monitoring leakage in the embankment dam using temperature gradient analysis method and heating method. Comparing with the results measured by conventional monitoring technology, the accuracy of data measured by distributed Raman optic fiber and its reliability of monitoring leakage in the embankment dam have been verified. Monitoring leakage in the embankment dam using distributed optic fiber has obvious advantages, such as distributedness, long range and anti-interference.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： technology of temperature measurement by distributed optic fiber; embankment dam; leakage; laboratory tests; filed tests
钢-土界面剪切规律时效性室内试验研究
梁 越1,2， 储 昊1,3， 卢孝志1,3， 曾 超1,3
(1. 重庆交通大学 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心， 重庆 400074； 2. 河海大学 岩土力学与堤坝工程教育部重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210098； 3. 重庆交通大学 河海学院，〖KG*2〗重庆〓400074)
摘要：钢-土界面时效性对研究钢护筒嵌岩桩的承载力具有重要意义。在总结前人研究成果的基础上，通过改进室内直剪试验，研究预压时间对钢-土接触界面剪切特性的影响。试验设计预压时间分别为0，1，2，4，6，17，24和48 h，探索不同预压条件下得到的钢-土界面在不同法向应力条件下受剪时的应力应变关系。通过引入摩尔-库伦准则，分析了剪应力与水平位移的关系、抗剪强度等随界面预压时间的变化，发现剪应力随水平位移的增加而增大并趋于稳定；随着预压时间的增加，摩擦角、黏聚力呈增大趋势，并在一定时间后趋于稳定；钢-土界面剪切的极限强度不仅与界面上的法向应力有关，还与界面预压的时间有关，极限剪应力随预压时间的增加有较明显的增长，当法向应力较小时界面极限剪应力的时效性越明显。
关键词：钢-土界面； 剪切特性； 时效性； 承载力； 抗剪极限强度； 桩基工程
Experimental studies on time effect of shearing characteristics of steel-soil interface
LIANG Yue1,2, CHU Hao1,3, LU Xiao-zhi1,3, ZENG Chao1,3
(1. National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074， China； 2. Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering， Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China； 3. School of River and Ocean Engineering， Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The time effect of the steel and soil interface is significant for study of the bearing capacity of the rock-socketed filling pile with steel tube. On the basis of summarizing the research findings of predecessors and by improving the indoor direct shear tests, a study is made of the shear properties of steel and soil interface which are influenced by preloading time. The preloading time is designed as 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 17, 24 and 48 h in the tests and different preloading time is explored under the conditions of the steel-soil interface with relationships of the shear stress-strain which is affected by different normal stresses. Relationships between the shear stress and horizontal displacement, and the shear strength along with the change of interface preloading time are analyzed by the introduction of Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion. The shear stress is increased to a stable value with the increasing horizontal displacement; with the preloading time increasing,the friction angle and cohesive force increase, and after a certain period of time， tend to be stable. The limit of the steel-soil interface shear strength is not only related to the normal stress on the interface, but also related to the interface of the preloading time. Limiting shear stress increases with the increase of preloading time obviously; when the normal stress is lesser, the interface timing of the ultimate shear stress is more obvious.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： contact interface between soil and steel; shearing characteristics; time effect; bearing capacity; ultimate shear strength; pile foundation engineering
海上电气平台动力模型试验设计
伏亮明1， 钟 耀1, 罗成喜1， 刘小松1， 孙锦龙2， 刘德才2
(1. 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司, 湖南 长沙 410014； 2. 大唐山东发电有限公司, 山东 青岛 266061)
摘要：为了满足海上大型风电场的开发需求，有必要建立系统的海上电气平台设计和安全评价体系，其有效性需要通过海上电气平台整体结构动力模型试验进行验证。联合考虑弹性相似律和弗劳德数(Froude)相似得到水弹性相似律，以水弹性相似律为基础得到电气平台各参数之间的相似关系，完成海上电气平台整体结构试验模型的设计。在海上电气平台动力模型试验中引入水弹性相似律保证了结构原型与模型间的动力特性以及水环境的相似关系；并通过引入牛顿相似律对冰荷载进行了相似转换。采用海洋平台分析软件SACS分别建立海上电气平台原型和模型的有限元数值模型，开展原型和模型结构响应分析和动力特性分析，同时依据数值分析结果对水弹性相似律进行了验证。
关键词：海上电气平台； 水弹性相似律； 弹性相似律； 弗劳德数相似； 牛顿相似律； 动力模型试验
Design of dynamic model test for offshore substation platform
FU Liang-ming1, ZHONG Yao1, LUO Cheng-xi1, LIU Xiao-song1, SUN Jin-long2, LIU De-cai2
(1. Powerchina Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha 410014, China；2. Datang Shandong Power Generation Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The design and safety evaluation system of offshore substation platform should be established to satisfy the developing requirement of large-scale offshore wind farm. It′s availability can be verified by model test. Combining the elastic similarity and Froude similarity, the hydro-elastic similarity can be obtained. Based on it, the similar relations among the parameters can be obtained so as to help finishing the design of dynamic model of an offshore substation platform. In the model test, the hydro-elastic similarity is used to ensure the similarity relation of dynamic characteristics and wave loads between prototype and model. Also, the Newton similarity is employed to fulfill the similarity relationship of the ice loads. Using SACS, the finite element models of offshore substation prototype and model are established to analyze the structural responses and dynamic characteristics of them. Compared with the numerical results of prototype and mode test, the hydro-elastic similarity is validated.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： offshore substation platform; hydroelasticity similarity; elastic similarity law; Froude similarity; Newton similarity law; dynamic model test
长江黄陵庙至南津关河段河势分析
周银军1,2， 王 军1,2， 徐育平3， 钱 圣1
(1. 长江科学院 河流研究所， 湖北 武汉 430010； 2. 三峡地区地质灾害与生态环境湖北省协同创新中心， 湖北 宜昌 443002； 3. 重庆市水利电力建筑勘测设计研究院， 重庆 400020)
摘要：随着通航、调度及生态方面需求的提高，对葛洲坝和三峡大坝两坝间河段进行新一轮治理已迫在眉睫。根据葛洲坝工程运行以来的实测资料，对该河段30余年来的河势变化进行了分析。分析表明：葛洲坝工程运行后至1983年，两坝间河段明显淤积，其后至1998年，淤积进程趋缓;1998年以后有一定的冲刷，尤其在2003年三峡工程运行以来，两坝间河段处于累积性的冲刷状态，冲刷部位主要以深槽为主，冲刷深度较大的河段主要发生在乐天溪深槽段和南津关深槽段，河段中部较为稳定;2008年后，冲刷幅度变小，个别年份甚至有回淤。30年来，河段先淤后冲，渐趋平衡，河势较为稳定；三峡工程运行后，两坝间冲淤与三峡工程下泄沙量关系并不明显，而受汛期来水影响较大，考虑到三峡水库仍将持续进行试验性蓄水，逐渐进入正常运行期，其中小洪水调度及汛期滞洪作用都将增强，洪水流量过程的调平在所难免，因此两坝间冲刷将不易发生，小幅淤积极为可能，总的河势及深槽大小、位置将相对稳定。
关键词：葛洲坝工程； 三峡工程； 河道演变； 冲淤变化； 河势分析
River channel process of Huanglingmiao-Nanjinguan river reach
ZHOU Yin-jun1,2, WANG Jun1,2, XU Yu-ping3, QIAN Sheng1
(1. Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China； 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-environment in Three Gorges Area, Yichang 443002, China； 3. Chongqing Surveying and Design Institute of Water Resources, Electric Power and Architecture, Chongqing 400020, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： With the new demands of the 12th Five-Year Plan, in terms of navigation, reservoir operation and ecology, new river regulation works for the reach from the Three Gorges dam to the Gezhouba dam are required. So it is very important to recognize the evolution of the river in the recent years. Based on the measured data since the Gezhouba dam was operated, the river channel process between two dams in recent more than 30 years is analyzed. From 1979 to 1983, the river reach silted obviously; from 1983 to 1998, the siltation process slowed down considerably. After 1998, erosion of bed was beginning, in particular, since the operation of the Three Gorges dam in 2003. The deep channel was eroded remarkably in the cross section, along the longitudinal direction, Letianxi and Nanjinguan river reach were eroded mostly, and the middle reach was in a stable condition. Since 2008, the erosion of bed has become slow. In the past 30 years, the river bed was scoured after deposition and became balanced gradually, and the river regime was stable. After the operation of the Three Gorges dam, there was no clear relationship between the reach channel process and sediment condition, but it was influenced distinctly by the flood. The Three Gorges reservoir will continue to test operation, and will gradually enter the normal operation period, the river reach between the two dams will be not easily deposited, slight siltation will be extremely possible, and the river regime and the most part of the channel will be relatively stable.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： Gezhouba hydroproject; Three Gorges hydroproject; river channel process; erosion and deposition; river regime analysis
基于侧向土压力确定冲淤深度的可行性研究
丁勇1,2， 姚庆雄1， 关云飞2， 张振东3， 颜腾腾1
(1. 南京理工大学 土木工程系， 江苏 南京 210094； 2. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029； 3. 淮海工学院 土木工程学院， 江苏 连云港 222005)
摘要：由于冲刷和淤积引起的结构物和航运安全问题，水下泥面的冲淤监测已经成为结构健康监测中的一项重要任务。对基于侧向土压力确定水下冲淤深度的方法进行可行性研究。该方法利用以光纤光栅作为传感元件的传感器，正面承受水土，背面承受水压力，通过测量正面和背面的压力差可以精确测量侧向土压力；由于水体中水平方向只有水压力，水体中水平方向由侧向土压力和孔隙水压力组成，因此通过若干只不同深度位置的传感探头，可计算出冲淤深度。该方法能实现实时反馈水工结构的冲淤情况，为水工结构安全运行提供可靠的数据支持。
关键词：冲淤深度； 侧向土压力； 传感器； 光纤光栅
Feasibility study of scour depth determination based on lateral soil pressure measurement
DING Yong1,2, YAO Qing-xiong1, GUAN Yun-fei2, ZHANG Zhen-dong3, YAN Teng-teng1
(1.Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; 3. School of Civil Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： In view of safety aspects of hydraulic structures and waterways caused by erosion and siltation, underwater mud silting monitoring has become an important task in structural health monitoring. This paper introduces feasibility study of the scour depth determination based on lateral soil pressure measurement. Sensors which are made of FBG are used as the sensing element, whose front side is under soil pressure, and back side is under the water pressure. It can accurately monitor the lateral soil pressure by measuring the front and back pressure difference. The pressure in the horizontal direction is only water pressure in water, while it consists of lateral earth pressure and pore water pressure in soil. Therefore, it can calculates the scour and siltation depth according to the measured values given by the sensor probes placed at different depths and positions. The method can do feedback of erosion and siltation of the hydraulic structures in time during calculating analysis, and provide reliable data for the safe operation of hydraulic structures.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： change in scour and siltation depth; lateral soil pressure; sensor; fiber Bragg grating
兴化湾潮汐潮流特性及工程影响分析
童朝锋1,2， 王俊杰2， 张 青2
(1. 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210098； 2. 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院， 江苏 南京 210098)
摘要：福建省兴化湾内大量围填、疏浚工程建设直接影响湾内水动力环境。依据2009年2月水文观测资料，对实测资料进行分析，并利用潮汐调和分析、潮流准调和分析、潮流数值模拟等方法得到了兴化湾海区的潮汐、潮流特性以及湾内工程前后的潮位、潮流场和余流场特征。分析研究表明，兴化湾潮汐属于正规半日潮，浅水效应较弱；潮流为不正规半日潮流，浅海分潮作用较强；湾内潮波逐渐有驻波特征，形成湾内潮波的两股潮流流向稳定，呈往复流，其中兴化水道潮流涨潮占优，南日水道潮流落潮占优；工程实施后，基于调和常数的2013年7月潮位预报与实测潮位吻合较好，同时潮汐潮流性质不变，在港池、航道水域流速有所增加；兴化、南日两水道涨、落潮通量均减小，全湾纳潮量有所减少；湾内余流场整体不变，口门处涡漩有所加强。
关键词：兴化湾； 潮汐潮流； 调和分析； 水流动力特性； 潮流通量
Tidal regime and impacts of works in Xinghua bay on hydrodynamics
TONG Chao-feng1,2, WANG Jun-jie2, ZHANG Qing2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098,China; 2. College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The Xinghua bay, located in the west of Taiwan Strait, has a large scale of reclamation and dredging works which will directly have impacts on the hydrodynamic environment. Based on the hydrological measurement data of February 2009, studies of characteristics of tidal level, current field and residential field with and without works are conducted by using the method of tidal harmonic analysis and current harmonic analysis, and a tidal flow mathematical model. As the analysis results show, in the Xinghua bay, the tide is a regular semidiurnal tide with subtle shoaling while the tidal current is a regular semidiurnal shallow current. From the outside to inside, the tide wave which is composed of stable direction tides of the Xinghua waterway and Nanri waterway has some characteristics of the standing wave, and the spring tide is dominants in the Xinghua waterway while the ebb is dominant in the Nanri waterway. After completion of works, the forecast tidal process lines of July 2013 based on the harmonic constants are in good agreement with the observational ones, and at the same time the characteristics of tide and current are kept the same. Velocities within the harbor and channel increase slightly. The tide fluxs of both the Xinghua waterway cross section and Nanri waterway cross section decrease, as well as the tidal prisms. And the Eulerian residual current field remains unchanged in the whole bay while the vortexes in the entrance areas are strengthened.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： Xinghua bay; tide and tidal current; harmonic analyses; hydrodynamic characteristics; flux of tidal current
抛物线形渠道的水力特性
张志昌， 贾 斌, 李若冰, 杨 欢
(西安理工大学, 陕西 西安 710048)
摘要：通过积分和数值积分研究了n次抛物线形渠道湿周的计算，根据明渠均匀流理论研究了n次抛物线形渠道的正常水深；根据明渠临界水深和水跃共轭水深的理论，研究了n次抛物线形渠道的临界水深、弗劳德数以及水跃共轭水深的计算方法。给出了n次抛物线形渠道湿周、正常水深、临界水深、弗劳德数和水跃共轭水深的通用计算式，给出了水跃共轭水深的迭代式，证明了迭代式的收敛性，通过实例验证了计算式的正确性。本研究提出的n次抛物线形渠道的正常水深、临界水深、弗劳德数和水跃共轭水深的计算方法具有通用性，计算简单、精度高，可以应用于实际工程。
关键词： n次抛物线形渠道； 正常水深； 临界水深； 弗劳德数； 共轭水深； 水力特性
Hydraulic characteristics of parabolic channels
ZHANG Zhi-chang, JIA Bin, LI Ruo-bing, YANG Huan
(Xi’an University of Technology， Xi’an 710048 China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The general method for calculating wetted perimeter, normal depth, critical depth, the Froude number and conjugate depth of hydraulic jump of n-th parabolic channel is presented in this paper. The studies of the wetted perimeter of n-th parabolic channel are carried out by integral or numerical integration, the normal depth of n-th parabolic channel is analysed according to the theory of the open channel uniform flow, a computing method of the critical depth, the Froude number and the conjugate depth of hydraulic jump of n-th parabolic channel are studied based on the theory of critical depth and the conjugate depth of the hydraulic jump. The general computing formulas of the wetted perimeter, normal depth and critical depth, the Froude number and the conjugate depth of the hydraulic jump of n-th parabolic channel are given, the iterative formula of the conjugate depth is given and the convergence of an iterative formula is proved, and examples for verification of the formulas are presented. The research of the general method for calculating the wetted perimeter, normal depth, critical depth, the Froude number and the conjugate depth of hydraulic jump of n-th parabolic channel with a simple calculation process and a high calculation precision can provide a reference for practical engineering design.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： n-th parabolic channel; normal water depth; critical depth of water; Froude number; conjugate depth of jump; hydraulic chracteristics
渡槽结构横向动力响应分析
冯 超， 杜应吉
(西北农林科技大学 水利与建筑工程学院， 陕西 杨凌 712100)
摘要：结合某渡槽安全鉴定工作，建立单跨渡槽结构在设计水位和无水两种工况下的ANSYS三维有限元模型。选用Housner流-固耦合模型模拟了槽内水体与槽体侧壁之间的相互作用，并设定槽墩高度为8.3，10.3，12.3和14.3 m，分别进行模态分析和动力响应分析，以观察在不同槽墩高度下渡槽结构的动力响应（应力、位移和速度）变化。分析结果表明：渡槽结构在设计水位工况下的自振频率小于结构在无水工况下的自振频率；随着槽墩高度的增加，结构在设计水位工况和无水工况下的自振频率均呈减小的趋势，而槽墩顶部、槽体跨中及槽体顶部关键点处的动力响应值有总体增大的趋势；但渡槽结构不同位置的响应值不同，在地震作用下，高墩渡槽的动力响应值总体大于矮墩渡槽的动力响应值。
关键词：渡槽； 有限元； 动力响应； 槽墩高度； 流-固耦合； 地震作用
Analysis of transverse dynamic response for aqueduct structure
FENG Chao, DU Ying-ji
(College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： For safety appraisal of an aqueduct, an ANSYS three-dimensional finite element model of a single-span aqueduct structure has been developed with design water level and without water. The fluid-solid interaction Housner model is selected to simulate the interaction between water and the aqueduct wall and different pier heights of the aqueduct are set: 8.3 m, 10.3 m, 12.3 m, 14.3 m respectively. The dynamic response of the aqueduct structure under different pier heights (stress, displacement, velocity) based on modal analysis and dynamic analysis is observed. Analysis results show that the natural vibration frequencies of the aqueduct structure under the design water level are less than those without water. With increase of the pier height of the aqueduct, the frequencies of the structure show the trend of decrease; the dynamic response values of the key points of the top of the pier, the mid-span and the top of the mid-span have the tendency of increase; however, the dynamic response values of the different position of the aqueduct structure are different, therefore, the dynamic response values of the high-pier aqueduct is generally greater than that of the short-pier aqueduct under the practical conditions of earthquake.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： aqueduct; finite element method; dynamic response; piers height; fluid-solid interaction; earthquake action
基于Ottosen模型的混凝土多轴动态强度准则
江培情, 王立成
(大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室， 辽宁 大连 116024)
摘要：由于混凝土材料的率敏感特性，不同应变率水平下混凝土结构的承载力、刚度具有不同的变化机理。在地震作用下，除了考虑混凝土结构承受的复杂应力之外，应变率也是分析混凝土动态强度变化规律不可忽略的因素，若依然使用单轴拉、压、剪强度理论对工程进行设计和计算，可能会对大型结构的建设和使用带来危险。基于Ottosen静态强度准则模型，结合大量不同强度等级混凝土多轴静、动强度试验结果，建立了一种考虑应变率效应和混凝土强度等级两个因素的混凝土多轴动态强度准则。分析表明该强度准则符合混凝土破坏曲面连续、光滑、外凸等要求，能较好地反映普通混凝土的多轴动态强度变化规律，而且只需要通过几个特征点就能得到，形式简单，便于实际工程应用。
关键词：混凝土； Ottosen模型； 子午线； 应变率； 动态强度准则
Dynamic strength criterion of concrete based on Ottosen model under multi-axial stress
JIANG Pei-qing, WANG Li-cheng
(State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Due to the characteristic of the rate sensitive material, the changing mechanism of strength and stiffness of concrete structure under various strain rates are different. In addition to the complex stress state where concrete structure is subjected to dynamic loading such as earthquake, the effect of the strain rate is an important factor that can not be ignored. If projects are designed and calculated with strength theories of uniaxial tension, compression and shear, there will have great potential dangers in the construction and use of structure. Based on the Ottosen criterion model, in the present paper, by analysis of multiaxial static and dynamic strength test data of numerous concrete specimens, which are classified into different strength grades, a multiaxial dynamic strength criterion is reasonably established, in which both the strain rate effect and the strength of concrete are taken into account. The analysis results show that the predicted strength of the failure criterion is in good agreement with the basic requirements of continuity, smoothness and convexity and better reflects the dynamic strength change rule of ordinary concrete. Meanwhile, the strength criterion can be obtained just by the typical stress points, thus it has a simple expression form and is convenient for practical application to analysis of engineering structures.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： concrete; Ottosen model; typical stress points; strain rate; dynamic strength criterion
长江上海段疏浚土有益利用的框架性建议
赵德招1， 杨奕健2
(1. 上海河口海岸科学研究中心， 上海 201201; 2. 中交上海航道勘察设计研究院有限公司， 上海 200120)
摘要：疏浚土是水利水运工程衍生的一种宝贵资源。在长江上海段，针对上游来沙量持续减少、河口砂土资源日趋紧缺、海洋倾倒区逐渐受控等新形势，开展港口航道疏浚土的有益利用是涉水部门的共同期望。依据工程现场调查资料，分析了长江上海段疏浚土有益利用的现状和存在的主要问题，结合新形势和新要求提出了疏浚土有益利用的框架性建议。研究分析表明，近10年来，长江上海段疏浚土有益利用实现了从无到有的历史性跨越，用于吹填造地的长江口深水航道疏浚土数量较为可观。但存在疏浚土利用方式单一、利用率总体偏低、相关体制机制尚未完善等诸多现实问题。为进一步提高长江上海段疏浚土的有益利用水平，提出框架性建议如下：加紧疏浚土有益利用关键技术研发，加快转变疏浚土资源化利用方式，以及加大疏浚土有益利用体制机制创新力度等。
关键词：疏浚土； 有益利用； 长江上海段； 框架性建议
Framework suggestion on beneficial use of dredged material at the Shanghai reach of Yangtze River
ZHAO De-zhao1, YANG Yi-jian2
(1. Shanghai Estuarine and Coastal Science Research Center, Shanghai 201201,China; 2. Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The dredged material is a valuable resource derived from hydraulic engineering and waterway engineering. At the Shanghai reach of the Yangtze River, beneficial use of the dredged material from port and navigation channel is the common expectation of water departments under the new situation of declining sediment discharge from upstream, shortage of sand resources and limitation of ocean dumping sites in the estuary. Based on the investigated data collected from engineering field, beneficial use of the dredged material at the Shanghai reach of the Yangtze River has achieved a historic leap from nothing to something in recent 10 years, and the quantity of the dredged material from the Yangtze estuary deepwater navigation channel used for land reclamation is considerable. But at the same time, there are lots of realistic problems such as simple use of the dredged material, low ratio of utilization, and imperfect system. For the purpose of further improving the utilization level of the dredged material at the Shanghai reach of the Yangtze River, some framework suggestions are as follows: strengthening the research and development of key techniques, speeding up the transformation of utilization mode of the dredged material, and increasing the innovation of related systems and mechanism.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： dredged material；beneficial use of the dredged material; Shanghai reach of the Yangtze River; framework suggestions
浙江玉环漩门三期吹填淤泥的工程特性
徐锴1， 范明桥1， 林生法1， 付冠杰2， 魏雁冰1,2
(1. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 河海大学 土木与交通学院， 江苏 南京 210098）
摘要：围垦工程中各个区域吹填淤泥的成因、成分、物理力学特性相差较大。通过室内土工试验对吹填淤泥的物理性质进行研究，采用量筒沉积试验研究吹填淤泥的沉积规律，利用室内试验探索淤泥强度和渗透性随含水率和孔隙比变化的规律，采用现场试验对淤泥含水率和强度沿深度分布规律进行研究。结果表明：沉积试验中，初期（t＜118 h）淤泥沉降速度较快，以土颗粒自重沉积为主，沉降量、密度、含水率与孔隙比变化明显，海水吹填泥浆的沉积要快于淡水泥浆沉积，通过添加分散剂或絮凝剂来加快泥浆沉积速率效果不明显。采用半对数坐标表示淤泥强度或渗透性与淤泥含水率或孔隙比关系具有较好的相关性。含水率沿深度方向递减，而强度则沿深度方向递增。在不同自重固结历时下，吹填淤泥浅层含水率和强度变幅较小，深层变化较明显。
关键词：吹填淤泥； 工程特性； 沉积规律； 强度； 渗透性； 含水率
A study of engineering characteristics of hydraulic filled mud from
Xuanmen third stage construction in Yuhuan of Zhejiang Province
XU Kai1, FAN Ming-qiao1, LIN Sheng-fa1, FU Guan-jie2, WEI Yan-bing1,2
(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China; 2. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The causes, composition, physical and mechanical characteristics of the hydraulicly filled mud are quite different for reclamation projects in various regions. The physical characteristics of the hydraulicly filled mud are studied by soil tests in laboratory, and studies of the sedimentation behavior of the hydraulicly filled mud are carried out by cylinder deposition tests, and the change behavior of strength and permeability of the hydraulicly filled mud with different water contents and void ratios are studied by laboratory tests, and the distribution behavior of water content and strength of the hydraulicly filled mud with different depths are studied by field tests. The analysis results show that: in the sedimentation experiments, the settlement speed is fast in the early (t＜118 h) sedimentation due to the soil self-weight settlements, and the settlements, density, water content and void ratios change obviously. The hydraulicly filled mud in saline water settles faster than that in the fresh water, and the effect on accelerating settlement rate of the hydraulicly filled mud is not obvious by adding dispersant or flocculant. A good correlation relationship is obtained between mud strength or permeability and water contents or void ratios by semi-logarithmic ordinate representing mud strength and permeability. The water content decreases with depth, and the strength increases with depth. Change in water content and strength with depth is a little bit under different self-weight consolidation conditions in shallow layer, but more significant in deep layer.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： hydraulicly filled mud；engineering characteristics；sedimentary behavior；strength；permeability；water content
深中通道工程对珠江口水动力环境影响
陈静, 莫思平, 徐 群
(南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029)
摘要：深圳至中山跨江通道工程（简称深中通道）连接深圳和中山两市，跨越珠江口内伶仃洋“三滩两槽”，大型人工岛及大量桥墩的存在必然对珠江口水域的水流动力环境造成一定的影响。通过伶仃洋潮流物理模型试验，研究深中通道各工程方案对珠江口水动力环境的影响。研究结果表明：A2方案（伶仃航道隧道+矾石航道桥梁）对潮位影响最大、其他次之；人工岛及桥墩附近水域流态变化较明显，以人工岛最大，通风井、锚碇、主塔、索塔等建筑物次之，非通航桥墩附近流态变化不明显，桥轴线5 km以远水域已基本不受工程影响。总体而言，各工程方案对伶仃洋滩槽格局影响都不大，结合其他专题研究，一致推荐A3方案（伶仃航道桥梁+矾石航道隧道）作为深中通道合理可行方案。
关键词：伶仃洋河口; 深中通道工程; 物理模型; 水动力环境
Impacts of Shenzhen-Zhongshan bridge project on hydrodynamic environment of Pearl River estuary
CHEN Jing, MO Si-ping, XU Qun
(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The Shenzhen-Zhongshan sea-crossing bridge connects the cities of Shenzhen and Zhongshan, across the “three shoals and two deep troughs” in the Pearl River estuary. A lot of piers and large-scale artificial islands in the water area will have impacts on the hydrodynamic environment of the Lingdingyang estuary, the inner part of the Pearl River estuary. In this research, the physical model for the bridge is built to analyze the impacts of the project on the hydrodynamic environment of the Lingdingyang estuary. The experimental results show that: the scheme A2 has the greatest impacts on the sea level, the others take the second place; the changes in sea level and flow field are sensible near the artificial island and the main piers; the impacts of the artificial island on the hydrodanamic environment are the greatest, the impacts of the ventilation shafts, anchorage, king tower, towers located on the Lingdingyang sea area take the second place; there will be no great changes near the non-navigable bridge pier; and the the area 5,000 m away from the bridge has a tiny change. Overall, the Shenzhen-Zhongshan project has little impacts on the Lingdingyang estuary. Based on this research and other previous researches, experts have unanimously recommended that the scheme A3 (a bridge across the Lingdingyang waterway combined with the Fanshi submerged tunnel) should be taken as a reasonable and feasible scheme.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： Lingdingyang estuary; Shenzhen-Zhongshan bridge; physical model; hydrodynamics environment
尾矿坝溃决机理与溃坝过程研究进展
赵天龙, 陈生水， 钟启明
(南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029)
摘要：尾矿库是维持矿山生产的重要设施，同时也是矿山的重大危险源，开展尾矿坝溃决机理与溃坝过程研究对于提升我国尾矿库防灾减灾水平具有重要意义。分析比较了尾矿坝与挡水土石坝在溃决机理与溃坝致灾过程方面的区别和联系，总结了尾矿坝在坝体形式、填筑方式、坝料组成和溃决机制等方面的特点，对近年来我国在尾矿坝溃坝机理与溃坝致灾过程方面的研究工作进行了较为系统的总结，指出当前我国尾矿坝工程理论研究中存在的问题，并对该领域今后需深入开展的研究工作提出建议。
关键词：尾矿坝； 溃决机理； 溃坝过程； 研究进展
Advances in studies of tailing dam break mechanism and process
ZHAO Tian-long, CHEN Sheng shui, ZHONG Qi-ming
(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The tailing ponds in our country are not only great in quantity, but also distributed widely, and countless security and eco-environmental accidents caused by the tailing ponds not only make a serious threat to the national public security, but also restrict China′s economic and social development in some ways. Therefore, studies of the mechanism and process of the tailing dam break would be of great significance to the disaster prevention and mitigation for the tailings ponds inChina. In this paper, the difference and connection between the tailing dams and the water retaining dams in the mechanism and process of dam break are analyzed and compared, and the characteristics of the tailing dams are summarized in the aspects of dam body form filling ways, and dam material composition and failure mechanism, and the research achievements acquired in recent years are introduced systematically. Deficiency in research is also pointed out, and suggestions for further development in this research field proposed. In short, safety of the tailing dams is still a serious problem inChina, and basic theoretical research is relatively weak. In view of the fact that mechanism of the tailing dam break is not clear and too many findings of earth-rock dam break are used in the analysis of the tailing dam break, it is necessary to carry out more experiments on the tailing dam break, so as to explore the mechanism of the break fundamentally.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： tailing dam; failure mechanism; process of dam break hazard; advances in experimental research
